Signal Corps Enhances American Civil War Essay - 2021 Words

Signal Corps Enhances American Civil War The American Civil War is debatably the first modern warfare in American history (Hagerman, 1988, XI). The Civil War was the beginning of a new era, the contemporary operational environment. Field commanders had to deal with conditions, influences, and circumstances that affect the utilizations of military forces. Commanders could no longer rely on past experiences to determine future outcomes. Commanders had to take variables other than military forces into consideration. Field commanders during the American Civil War had to deal with several factors that affect the conditions, influences, and circumstances on the battlefield: national will, nature and stability of the state, military capabilities, economics, sociological demographics, information, physical environment, time, and technology. Commanders had to focus on all aspects of the operational environment to effectively employ military forces. Field commanders had difficulty exercising mission command over large armies and could not deliver critical information across the battlefield in a timely manner. Commanders had to adjust to changes in the physical environment, dealing with complex terrains and adverse weather conditions. The Union Army and the Confederate Army had to deal with economic issues, as well available resources. The first Army to implement technological advances in communications into the operating environment will certainly have a superiorShow MoreRelatedWhat If Airline Regulations Never Existed?1606 Words   |  7 PagesChanute all new the extreme danger that flying presented. As the aviation pioneers began to perfect the art of flying, the need for safety grew as well. As time passed new planes and technologies were being made to enhance safety. Commercial operations like the use of aircraft in World War I and the early service of the airmail furthered these advances in flight safety. 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To solve this problem, in July 1775, General George Washington ordered designations of grade for officers and noncommissioned officersRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pages The Laws of War and Neutrality 24 CHAPTER 7: War Crimes and Nuremberg Principle 28 CHAPTER 12: Nuclear Weapons: Deployment, Targeting and Deterrence 33 CHAPTER 13: Arms Control in the Nuclear Age 36 Chapter 14: Measures to Reduce Tensions and Prevent War 41 CHAPTER 16: The Law of the Sea 43 CHAPTER 17: The Constitutional Framework for the Division of Nat’l Security Powers Between Congress, the President and the Court 48 The 1973 War Powers Resolution 49 II. The War Powers Resolution:Read MoreMarketing Communication Ethics5188 Words   |  21 Pagescosts). Being always in a permanent contact with the public, the marketing activity couldn’t remain outside the moral. 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Advances in Artificial Intelligence Essay - 2696 Words

Advances in Artificial Intelligence With advances in technology many researchers have become captivated with the pursuit of Artificial Intelligence. Numerous fields of study have tried to contribute their knowledge in order to create intelligence. However, years of research have thus far been unable to create human intelligence. The endeavour seems doomed to fail, for a century of thought which has tried to simply define intelligence has yet to succeed. This lack of a concrete tangible definition does not preclude its existence but merely points to its complex nature. Human intelligence could be viewed as being as diverse as its population however this type of analysis leads us to the individual and becomes useless. There is no doubt†¦show more content†¦Is intelligence merely a small factor contributing to the uneven distribution of resources within our world? Is intelligence a product of hard work or just luck? Evolution of Intelligence Before we can begin to examine the modern day conceptions of intelligenc e, it is necessary to look at how human intelligence has evolved. For the purpose of simplicity I am making the assumption that the general theory of evolution is accurate. That is that human did not spontaneously appear on Earth and are a product of millions of years of evolution. Therefore it is conceivable that the very way in which we think was once quite different from todays mode of logic and reason. Amaury de Reincourt looks at a turning point in the evolution of human intelligence in her article Sex and Power in History. In this article she examines the rise of patriarchy out of matriarchy. She iterates how this shift was a result of mans gradual development of his role in procreation. This marked a mental threshold from magico-symbolic thought processes to rational thinking. The creation of life was now understood in terms of causality rather than mysticism. From this point forth, all the female-oriented myths were reinterpreted patriarchally. The cyclical nature of female- oriented thought was replaced by the linear thought patterns of male-oriented thinking. This further led to the notion of progress and later reflective thought. The mythology that prevailed under matriarchal rule wasShow MoreRelatedThe Advances in Artificial Intelligence762 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Artificial intelligence is growing up fast, as are robots whose facial expressions can elicit empathy and make your mirror neurons quiver† ( Diane Ackerman). Today robots are used to do the same actions or jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots are used because its cheaper, easier and sometimes its the only way to get things done. Robotics are the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. Robotics today are used to help improveRead MoreThe Age Of Artificial Intelligence1418 Words   |  6 PagesJennie Nguyen Ms.Decker Honors English IV 24 Sept. 2015 The Age of Artificial Intelligence â€Å"Intelligence is described as the ability to adapt to new environments and situations and being able to understand consequences and effects that your actions cause. This is something that all living creatures have in some way or another. Animals can adapt to their environments and react to interference, and plants do the same. Human intelligence, however, is in an entirely different ball park. With the upriseRead MoreFuture Of Life : Thanks With Artificial Intelligence1451 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Life: Thanks to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how productionRead MoreHow Close Are We Really Artificial Intelligence?1249 Words   |  5 PagesHow Close Are We Really to Artificial Intelligence? In The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams, a man named Arthur Dent wakes up and finds himself at the beginning of beyond a bad day. When he learns that a friend of his is actually an alien with advanced knowledge of Earth s impending destruction, he is transported off the Earth seconds before it is exploded to make way for a new hyperspace motorway. And as if that s not enough, throw in being wanted by the police, EarthRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence909 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped new methods, ideas, and mechanisms to make our constantly changing lives easier. However, as we advance in society, controversies start up on the right and wrongs of how our mechanics or robots develop, specifically Artificial Intelligence robots. Artificial intelligence is the ability to understand how to control motion and responses based upon experience. Artificial intelligence in robots are based on human traits such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perceptionRead MoreEthical Issues with Artificial Intelligence1471 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past two hundred years, scientist have made numerous achievements not thought of in previous centuries. There is a questions that some people have begun to ask â€Å"Will science ever advance to far?† Some believe this is the case with artificial intelligence or AI, which is the theory or goal of a series of accomplishments that would allow a computer to house a sentient life form. The idea of AI has formally been around since around 1956. There has been very slow but steady progress towardsRead MoreArtificial Intelligence During The World Today855 Words   |  4 Pages Artificial Intelligence in The World Today The 19th and 20th Centuries came in a wave of technological advances that have become intertwined in humanity. Smartphones are the most commonly used technology that contain artificial intelligence today. Artificial intelligence continues to advance and expand surpassing the aspiring ideas from the 1920’s. Artificial Intelligence has a strong impact on the future. In fact, IBM’s â€Å"question answering machine† (Markoff 212), Watson, confirmed the advancesRead MoreArtificial Intelligence: Controllable or Not? Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesIn the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, it examines artificial intelligence including both its potential and uncertainties. Specifically, it explores the complications that can emerge when humans design and build machines. For example, its fictional character, Hal, is a sentient computer with intelligence that is almost identical to humans, programmed to achieve high-level tasks. When Hal, experiences a malfunction, it starts to develop a more unpredictable human-like behavior such as showing signs ofRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1603 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence is the study and development of enabling computer and machine technology to learn, simulate intelligence, use logic, and perform tasks that are typically performed by humans. Artificial intelligence is an area of research that has been prone to controversy. Researchers are conflicted in regards to whether artificial intelligence is beneficial. Some believe that it will help solve many societal issues, others fear that it will cause furtherRead MoreResearch Paper On Artificial Intelligence1641 Words   |  7 Pages Troy University IS 3310: XTIB Introduction to Information Systems and Data Analytics Artificial Intelligence Brittany Cook July 20, 2017 Abstract This research involves discovering how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed and how it could potentially replace mankind. The goal of this research is to provide examples of how Artificial Intelligence is incorporated into our daily lives and provides an easier way of living. Today, we live in a world where technology is constantly

King Lear William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

King Lear William Shakespeare Essay Language used in literary work doesn’t always lead us to the truth and sometimes it fails to spread the message among the society. I think the best example for this claim is Harry potter. Harry potter series got phenomenal success, in my opinion it’s because of its uniqueness. The use of powerful language made it aesthetic. When we look at Harry potter as a literary work, in my point of view it’s nothing but an imaginary world’s story that is not relatable. Its powerful language earned fame but didn’t depict any truth. Reasoning also plays a major role while understanding the truth. For example in king Lear William Shakespeare wrote When we are born, we cry, that we are come to this great stage of fools.’ The scientists have their own explanation to this phenomenon whereas on the other hand we see William Shakespeare giving some other explanation so to understand it we need a huge amount of reasoning. To understand this claim’s truth we need to know in what sense the author is calling everyone a fool. Some claims like this have deeper meaning and if we don’t use reasoning, the meaning we draw out of it might not lead us to the truth. Reasoning helps us to understand the sense in which an author writes a particular work. However reasoning doesn’t always help us interpret a particular piece of work for the reasons that there are some literary works in which even reasoning won’t take you to the truth. For example, Alice adventures in wonderland is a novel full of fantasy and doesn’t have anything else that’s relatable even if we apply high level of reasoning we won’t be able to get any truth out of it because not even reasoning can show what doesn’t exists in a particular novel. As Robert Louis Stevenson said, â€Å"The difficulty of literature is not to write, but to write what you mean; not to affect your reader, but to affect him precisely as you wish.† So unless an author writes what people from all societies and different background can understand he will not be able to show his literary work’s truth to everyone. So the subjectivity of an artwork can hide the truth in it Sometimes an author uses lot of imagery in order to try and make his work more artistic and unique than most other works, however, at times he does not consider that if its not done in a very careful manner it might make his work very complex and in turn it could confuse the people reading it, or it could misinterpreted. Language should be used to show the truth not to make a literary work aesthetic. Use of different emotions should be according to readers because if they can feel the same as the character of the literary work does than they can understand it better. Some author writes in order to sell and some to expose a truth to society but a true art is a perfect combination of both. True author is an author who knows how to keep a balance of truth and beauty in a work. By beauty I mean the artistic features of a novel. So not all arts bring us nearer to the truth as sometimes language and emotion comes as an obstacle between the truth and us.

Employment Relations for Labour Law International - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Relations for Labour Law International. Answer: Introduction The SPC Ardmona is an Australia based company owned by the mother company Coca-cola Amatil that mainly focus in the packing of tomatoes and fruits and has an operation factory in Shepparton that specializes in canning. Due to the tearing down of the agreement of the SPC Ardmona, many farmers are facing a huge crisis. The sources in the industry said that the agreement was on the verge of collapsing as retailers (supermarkets) used new ways to cut costs by changing to buy from new suppliers and possibly to lower-priced imports from countries like China to bring most of its fruits and vegetable products. In 2012 the Prime Minister Tony Abbott got it so wrong about the SPC Ardnoma agreement could it be staff members in the P.M s office that gave a poor briefing of the summary of which Mr. Tony Abbott made his comment on the basis of the conference soon after the cabinet session (meeting). His cabinet rejected a twenty-five million dollars plea from the SPC Ardmona to develop its business in the state of Shepparton. The company (SPC Ardmona) very interested to offer the huge variety of opportunities in the career in different locations. The SPC Ardmona is a company control holding in the ASE (Australia Securities exchange). It clearly showed that more opportunities for experienced people the employees at their leading products such as the Grinder coffee and coca-cola among many others either in the country (Australia) or outside the country/abroad. The SPC its Australias only and last company that processes vegetable and fruits it is due to be closed because of the government refused t o proceed to grant the twenty-five million assured by the previous labor administration or government (Bamber, 2010). Toyota Worker entitlement disputes is another critical case that reflects the impact of workplace agreement in addressing existing conflicts or disputes between the workers and their employers. The dispute between the company and its employees was based on the inability of the organization to provide the employees with their benefits and entitlements forcing the government to intervene in a court action that created the agreement. From a business management perspective, the existence of disputes within the workplace has a significant role in shaping the overall image of the organization as well as how the leaders relate with the employees (Bamber, 2010). The case of Toyota exemplifies the need to have effective workplace agreements to enhance chances of effective dispute resolution. The dispute of Toyota can be compared with the disputed agreement in context to demonstrate the key similarities and differences as well as recommend effective actions in similar issues. The similarities in both SPC Ardmona food processing company and the giant car manufacturer Toyota is the way employees can no longer look up to the Tony Abbott(P.M), Glenn Stevens(economist) for assistance in to handle the wealth (Loughnan, 2012). The national employment standards requires employment entitlement at ten minimum to be provided to the workers. The national employment standards and minimum wages make up the required minimum entitlement for workers in SPC, Toyota and among many others in Australia .contract, employment, registered agreement or other agreement and employment cannot cater for conditions that are few than the national employment standards (NES) or the national minimum wage. The NES bring around the circle example like agreement, working hours, redundancy pay and termination and finally leave. The main purpose of this inquiry, national employment standards (NES) set a few minimum conditions in order request flexible work arrangements and the assessment to leave. The Fair Work Act, the setting of minimum agreement for every employee under the NIRS (national industrial relations system) was included in Australia wage pay and standard conditions. The Commonwealth law had not before thought to relate the e mployment terms and conditions so straightforward outside the public sector. the Australia fair pay and conditions standards (AFPCS) was replaced Fair Work Act with the national employment standard issuing standards in relation to redundant pay, leave, requests for work arrangement to be flex and community service (Loughnan, 2012). It provides a basis for the proposals about amendment or access to the ALRC the NES, considers that it is mandatory to provide an outline of s perspectives of the stakeholders to express their views with great respect to the role of the national employment standards, and the roles of business and the government in addressing domestic violence as a workplace issue . The NES play a big part in providing minimum entitlements as a safety net for the NSE (National System Employees). References Bamber, Greg. 2010.Regulating Employment Industrial Relations and Labour Law International Co. Kluwer Law Intl. Loughnan, D. 2012.Food Shock: The truth about what we put on our plate and what we can do to change it. Wollombi: Exisle Publishing.

Naturalism in the awakening

In literature, the naturalism movement grew as an offshoot of realism which focused on the real over and above the incredible. However, naturalism was regarded as a more pessimistic movement that stressed the helplessness of man over nature and it’s surrounded. To its adherents, man was a slave to his instincts so his actions were largely affected by them. In the book â€Å"The awakening† a number of issues will be identified that demonstrate the naturalist movement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalism in the awakening specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How naturalism is depicted in the awakening The author to this novel was very bold in writing this book because during her time, it was unthinkable for a woman to be sexually expressive or even for her to leave her family to pursue her passions as depicted in the novel. In fact, the reactions against this book were so strong that they caused the author to be ostracized from her society. It was only after a couple of decades that everyone remembered the writing and saw the beauty inherent in it. In the novel, the protagonist is well aware that society disregards her and her kind. To the male species, she is nothing more than a piece of property that can be handed down from one man to the next. Even after leaving her husband for Robert, Edna soon realizes that his perceptions of her are just the same as her husband. This kind of helplessness that she possesses against her environment or her society is quite typical of naturalist literature. In naturalism man is controlled by forces beyond him and this is exactly what is being suggested in â€Å"The awakening†. Even her efforts to question this way of life bear no fruit as the novel ends with no firm resolution of the matter. In the book she wonders why no one seems to enjoy any rights except for children hence her need to be left alone in the process of resolving t his matter (Chopin, 171). To some extent, Edna can be viewed as the tragic heroine in a naturalist novel. She goes through so much and when she cannot take it anymore, this lady ends her life. Suicidal ends were common in naturalist literature because they were aimed at striking a cord with readers who needed to identify with the helplessness of the characters in the pieces. In the novel, it is common to find that the protagonist is always struggling with issues of solitude, longing and passion which are all characteristic features of naturalism. This is especially visible when Edna listens to music which controls her and takes over her mind. She is overwhelmed by these feelings and realizes that it is almost impossible to stop the tears from coming out of her. At some point, she almost chokes as a result of these sentiments. (Chopin, 72). Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The wave of naturalism was synonymous with a focus on individual feelings as seen in many other parts of the book (Pitzer, 45). What is really sad is that the author cannot feel any sense of hope or hopelessness after hearing the music; the only thing it does for her is it causes her to realize that she can feel and respond to something other than her pain or her feelings in life. The entire book is indeed a demonstration of how humans tend to be slaves to their sentiments. Edna is a person who seems to lack strong will power. She is not bold enough to alter all the challenges she has gone through and even when it appears as though she is actually fighting these values, the story later reveals that her acts were fruitless. In terms of society’s expectations for women, the novel propagates yet another naturalist agenda. Here, readers are introduced to two very distinct women: Adele and Edna. One would be tempted to think that the state of affairs in that Victorian society wa s so biased against the women that only the rebellious ones would survive. However, as one soon finds out, this was clearly not the best path to follow for those concerned. This society did not favor free expression amongst women and neither did it tolerate sexual freedom. Edna chose to go about this in an abrasive and confrontational manner; a decision that costs her life. On the other hand, Adele chooses to go about this in a different way. She has done this by remaining chaste to her husband while still expressing her sexuality freely. In other words, finding peace is only made possible when females embrace faithfulness rather than resisting it. Furthermore, it is possible to communicate and express oneself openly just as Adele did when she played by the rules. This sharp contrast therefore illustrates that females were not free to do as they pleased but could get some degree of freedom if the played by the rules. Fleissner (238) explains that it is sometimes possible to break away from convention when one took on the stand that Adele did. However, this only proves that society is restrictive and that one can never really enjoy their free will. Once again this propagates typical naturalist ideals. In fact, it can be argued that the ‘awakening’ being discussed in this book actually occurs when the protagonist realizes that she must be careful about what she says. The awakening is not in finding what needs to be said but in finding the things that must be kept under a lid (Fleissner 239). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalism in the awakening specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edna does not find her voice as is the case in certain romantic literature, instead, she finds out what she cannot utter. The best depiction of this occurs when she fails to find the right the words to explain to the doctor why she had to leave her children. In this sense, she cannot say certai n things to him as convention dictates. Overly, this society is one in which the self must be negated and forgotten so as to gain an identity as a mother. Adele was able to tap into the happiness and freedom of expression that her kind can enjoy only when she canceled out her wishes and needs. Conclusion This author was responsible for portraying naturalism because this movement tended to focus more on the moral vice. The author appears to tolerate moral vice even at a time when her society could not fathom it. She stresses individual needs and even talks about sexual freedom or freedom to communicate especially as a woman. She brings out the frustration of not having control over one’s environment. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. NY: Bantam classic, 1981 Pitzer, Michael. Two approaches to the concept of naturalism. Carbondale: University of Southern Illionois, 1966 The Rhythm Method: Unmothering the Race in Chopin, Grimke, and Stein† by Jennifer Fleissner, in Women, Compulsion, Modernity, excerpt on Chopin, 233-244 This essay on Naturalism in the awakening was written and submitted by user Omari Daniel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Interesting Facts About Radioactive Tritium

10 Interesting Facts About Radioactive Tritium Tritium is the radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen. It has many useful applications. Here are some interesting facts about tritium: Tritium is also known as hydrogen-3 and has an element symbol T or 3H.  The nucleus of a tritium atom is called a triton  and consists of three particles: one proton and two neutrons. The word tritium comes from  Greek the word tritos, which means third. The other two isotopes of hydrogen are protium (most common form) and deuterium.Tritium has an atomic number of 1, like other hydrogen isotopes, but it has a mass of about 3 (3.016).Tritium decays via beta particle emission, with a half-life of 12.3 years. The beta decay releases 18 keV of energy, where tritium decays into helium-3 and a beta particle. As the neutron changes into a proton, the hydrogen changes into helium. This is an example of the natural transmutation of one element into another.Ernest Rutherford was the first person to produce tritium. Rutherford,  Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck prepared tritium from deuterium in 1934 but were unable to isolate it.  Luis Alvarez and Robert Cornog realized tritium was ra dioactive and successfully isolated the element. Trace amounts of tritium occur naturally on Earth when cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere. Most tritium that is available is made via neutron activation of lithium-6 in a nuclear reactor. Tritium is also produced by nuclear fission of uranium-235, uranium-233, and polonium-239. In the United States, tritium is produced at a nuclear facility in Savannah, Georgia. At the time of a report issued in 1996, only 225 kilograms of tritium had been produced in the United States.Tritium can exist as an odorless and colorless gas, like ordinary hydrogen, but the element is mainly found in liquid form as part of tritiated water or T2O, a form of heavy water.A tritium atom has the same 1 net electrical charge as any other hydrogen atom, but tritium behaves differently from the other isotopes in chemical reactions because the neutrons produce a stronger attractive nuclear force when another atom is brought close. Consequently, tritium is better able to fuse with lighter atoms to form heavier ones. External exposure to tritium gas or tritiated water is not very dangerous because tritium emits such a low energy beta particle that the radiation cannot penetrate the skin. However, tritium does pose some health risks if it is ingested, inhaled, or enters the body through an open wound or injection. The biological half-life ranges from around 7 to 14 days, so bioaccumulation of tritium is not a significant concern. Because beta particles are a form of ionizing radiation, the expected health effect from internal exposure to tritium would be an elevated risk of developing cancer.Tritium has many uses, including self-powered lighting, as a component in nuclear weapons, as a radioactive label in chemistry lab work, as a tracer for biological and environmental studies, and for controlled nuclear fusion.High levels of tritium were released into the environment from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s. Prior to the tests, it is estimated only 3 to 4 kilograms of tritium was pres ent on the Earths surface. After testing, the levels rose 200-300%. Much of this tritium combined with oxygen to form tritiated water. One interesting consequence is that the tritiated water could be traced and used as a tool to monitor the hydrologic cycle and to map ocean currents. Sources Jenkins, William J. et al, 1996: Transient Tracers Track Ocean Climate Signals Oceanus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zerriffi, Hisham (January 1996). Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energys decision to produce tritium. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research.

Parking a car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parking a car - Essay Example ger is not interested in you; he is only interested in the arrival and departure of your car in the parking lot and the fees that you pay for the service. Americans knew that this serious problem parking was going to tax their brains. With the introduction of automobiles, the fundamentals of travel styles changed and it had severe impact on the American landscape. Cars caused congestion; they restricted the right-of-way from the pedestrians and caused big traffic congestions in small towns and metropolitan cities. Cars in motion caused problems; cars at rest caused more problems! The space required for parking is staggering but often underestimated. 6. Show important films on the related issues, useful quotations and case studies that will inspire the students involved in learning. The contents should make a learner a better learner, and the teacher, even a better teacher. Getting a learner’s license is the first step of the ladder to become an expert car driver. An individual shaping to become well-versed at the wheels needs to understand parking as modern convenience, what it means to parking at curbside, commercial parking lots and municipal parking lots etc. The advantages and disadvantages of such facilities, cost-wise! The subject of parking is not studied in isolation now. The notion that a car purchased will be parked somehow, somewhere, is no more acceptable. Now the human ecology is dedicated to automobile use. Everyone knows that by owning a car, you are twice-blessed! For, an equal amount of space is needed for maneuvering it in and out. And cars in regular use need two spaces. One at the residence and one at the destination away from home—the workplace! When a trip terminates, you need parking. In America, automobiles have become the essential part of living—like electricity, gas and running water. One’s social and cultural life like visiting the church, visiting government offices, trips to health consultant—everywhere the mode of

Why businessman need to know about young people's buying behavior Essay

Why businessman need to know about young people's buying behavior - Essay Example The paper intended to trace the important trends shaping the buying behaviour of young people and the possible repercussions of ignoring these trends and their outcomes, by businessmen. It ought to be mentioned that collectively speaking, the researched sources agreed upon attributing people affiliated to the age group 15-30 years as being classified to be considered ‘young’. Approach To meet the objectives envisaged in the purpose statement of this paper, the research scholar resorted to an exhaustive study and analysis of the available academic and media sources to recognize the salient trends influencing the young consumers, an ignorance of which could have a detrimental impact on the modern businesses. The sources resorted to for research purposes included books, journals and print publications like news papers and magazines. The intentional approach was to correlate the varied facts in the research sources so as to identify the prominent trends having an impact on t he buying behaviour of the modern young consumers, and with which the contemporary businessmen need to be conversant with. In a theoretical context, this general review attempted to initiate a research and study into the factors influencing young buyers and their repercussions for the businesses aiming at targeting young customers. Findings. The research paper came to the conclusion that the buying behaviour of the modern youth is being shaped by multiple socio-economic trends. The businesses can immensely benefit by being cognizant of these trends and by responding to their impact on the young buyers. Limitations As this paper is based on the views and conclusions culled from varied academic and media sources, the conclusions drawn may tend to differ from the general views and opinions of the established authorities on the topic under consideration. Besides, since most of the sources referred to, belonged to varied time periods, the conclusions drawn may not represent the current and up to date opinions. Practical Implications This paper may prove informative and insightful to the businesses interested in attracting and influencing young buyers. Value This paper is unique in the sense that very few researchers have attempted to delineate the varied trends influencing the young consumers, and their implications for the businesses and corporations. Key Words: Young People, Consumption, Behaviour, Trends, Buying, E-Commerce 1.0 Introduction In a very conservative and traditional context, businessmen used to focus on the consumers lying between the age group 30 and 45. However, things have changed in the last two decades, in the sense that more and more young people are entering the markets as potential buyers (Michman et al., 2003). One simply cannot accept the fact that consumerism and the material aspects of life are confined merely to the older generation. Actually, the young people of today are much more in tandem with the varied aspects of consumerism and materialism. In this context, it has become imperative for the businessmen to understand and have a pragmatic insight into the buying behaviour of the young people, so that they can target their marketing strategies and business plans as per the needs and aspirations of this potent and influential consumer segment. It is a must for the busines smen to understand as to how the young consumers perceive and value their products and services. Realistically speaking, the more competition oriented and proactive businessmen are already in the process of narrowing down their focus on the young consumers. Yes, to a great extent, the young people of today are more receptive of and vulnerable to varied promotional and advertising approaches (O’Shaughnessy & O’

HRM in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM in Context - Essay Example Employee relationship management (ERM) has over the years emerged as one of the vital constituents of HRM which signifies to managing and establishing the inter-relationship between the varied employees in an organisation. These relationships can occur between the employer and employees and amid employees belonging to a particular level in an organisation. In this context, employment relationship is determined as the lawful association between employees and employers. This association prevails when an individual executes a particular work service or work within certain specified condition in response for remuneration. Employment relationship facilitates to establish the reciprocal obligations along with rights in between the employee and employee. This relationship largely facilitates workers to derive access to their fundamental benefits as well as rights related to their employment (International Labour Organization, 2011). In this regard, it is observed that within the periphery o f employment relationship, HRM’s responsibility is to ensure that the employees are always efficient, effective and productive. A few of the employment relationships facets include drafting the best procedure for the recruitment and selection process, preparing job classification inculcating motivation, training and development for the betterment of the employees and organisation, scaling a payment status, performance appraisal along with ensuring sustained guidance to the staff. In relation to the context of motivation, it is observed that employees generally work to fulfil its psychological needs, but they also need to take care of their relationship with the superiors or the employers, which forms one of the crux elements of employment relationships in the contemporary scenario (Budd & Bhave, 2006). With these considerations, the essay intends to discuss the antecedents and functions belonging to contemporary HRM in facilitating organisations to manage employment relations hips. Theories on Employment Relationship Management The notion of employment relationships is broadening day-by-day and has become a key factor to ensure that both employees and employers are contented with each other in terms of prevailing work process conditions. The approach of employment relationships actually has been developed from various subjects including economics, sociology, psychology, political science and history. It constitutes certain levels namely international, national, industry, organisational or corporate, workplace and individual (Rasmussen & Lamm, 2002). Within the aspect of employment relationships, the notion of hard and soft HRM needs to be specified. Hard HRM significantly incorporates elements within the aspect of employment relations focusing emphasis on workers’ compliance and quantitative output of the organisation. Similarly, soft HRM is a more long-standing and strategic perspective which supports flexibility, quality, performance, recognitio n, negotiation and rights in terms of employment rel

Competitive Advantage Of Vodafone Over Other Telecom Players Marketing Essay

Competitive Advantage Of Vodafone Over Other Telecom Players Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION A Company is said to have a competitive advantage if it can sustain a profit that exceeds the average of the industry .According to Michael Porter there are two basic types of competitive advantage:- Cost Advantage:-when a company is able to deliver the same benefits as provided by their competitors at a lower cost. Differentiation Advantage:-when a company delivers benefits that exceeds the benefits provided by their competitors. There are 4 generic business strategies in order to gain competitive advantage over others. The four strategies are described in the figure shown below. Differentiation Cost COST LEADER DIFFEREN TIATION LEADER leader Broad DIFFERENTIATION FOCUSER COST FOCUSER Narrow Strategy Differentiation In this strategy one or more criteria used for selection by buyers in a market are chosen and then a business plan is used to uniquely meet those criteria. Mostly companies come up with plan that associates with charging a premium price for the product that often reflect the higher production costs and extra value-added features provided to the consumer. Differentiation is about charging a premium price that more than covers the additional production costs, and about giving customers clear reasons to prefer the product over other, less differentiated products.(David Jobber) Vodafone came up with differentiation strategy when they launched I phone service, even though they were charging their customer more than their competitors but they still got the edge over others by offering free Vodafone to Vodafone calls for life time calls and better network strength compared to other competitors. Strategy Cost Leadership In this strategy companys main objective is to be lowest cost producer in the industry. If the achieved selling price can be at least equal (or near)the average for the market, then the lowest-cost producer will (in theory) enjoy the best profits. This strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses offering standard products with relatively little differentiation that are perfectly acceptable to the majority of customers. Occasionally, a low-cost leader will also discount its product to maximize sales, particularly if it has a significant cost advantage over the competition and, in doing so, it can further increase its market share. Vodafone has started Home Cell tariff for its Metro Digital service. In this offer off-peak calls from a specified location (such as office) for 5 pence (8 cents) a minute were provided. By launching this they have clearly scored a cost advantage over others like O2,3,orange. Strategy Differentiation Focus In this strategy company aims to differentiate within just one or a small number of target market segments. The special customer needs of the segment mean that there are opportunities to provide products that are clearly different from competitors who may be targeting a broader group of customers. The important issue for any company adopting this strategy is to understand that what customers really needs and wants in other words that there is a valid basis for differentiation and that existing competitor products are not meeting those needs and wants. Vodafone introduced One Net, a hosted fixed and mobile voice service for SMEs . this move is regarded as to be very effective move for Vodafone as Vodafones model is to charge per user, per month and claims the total One Net solution can be 15%-20% cheaper than SMEs pay for typical services currently. Strategy Cost Focus In this strategy a company seeks a lower-cost advantage in just one or a small number of market segments. The product will be basic perhaps a similar product to the higher-priced and featured market leader, but acceptable to sufficient consumers. Out of these 4 strategies differentiation and cost leadership strategies operates in broad range of market to get a competitive advantage over other competitors .By contrast, differentiation focus and cost focus strategies are adopted in narrow market to gain edge over others. Why do so many people choose Vodafone? First of all Vodafone operates in all 3 segments of market i.e they have targeted low level ,middle level and high level market which not only make it open to large market but also gives a competitive advantage over the other major telecom players . Secondly they have put in large investments on strengthening their network so that their customers can make more calls more places and there on they can have an advantage over others by winning costumers confidence over quality and reliability of their services . Thirdly they have reduced their effective cost by approximately 5 times in last the 3 years so that they can provide better value for money to their customers which in turn gives them a edge over other telecom giants. And of lately they have kept a focused on customers services in order to maintain high standards of customer satisfaction. In addition to above points Vodafone understands the change in market requirements with time and have always tried to come up with new innovative idea to attract more and more costumers for example:-of lately they have understood the need to penetrate in business organizations for which they have started 3 new plans which are as follows:- For small business:- This plan concentrates at those costumers which are sole traders or those who are running a family firm or those who are working in a growing enterprise because it offers business phone and accessories at great value price for calls ,e mail and mobile broadband. For medium sized and large sized business:- This plan concentrates at organization more than 100 to 1000 employees .This aims at providing low call cost and flexible working with in a integrated network. This plan also aims at transforming the business communication with solutions that makes communication more agile and more productive than ever before. For Public Sector:-Vodafone has been working with public sector for more than last 20 years as they are approved supplier in OGC(Office of Government Commerce) frame work. Vodafone has transformed the public service delivery by providing more flexibly and efficient working solutions. Besides targeting the business sector they have also started new services on which none of their competitor has focus on yet, like disability services .They were quick enough to notice the increasing complexity in technology and introduced new phone which are easy to use which in turn has opened a all new market for them ,for those who like their things to be simple or are disabled this offer by Vodafone is very lucrative. VODAFONE MARKET SHARE v NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total United Kingdom 67,680,000 67,437,525 68,066,300 70,626,527 74,375,797 76,067,605 3 (Hutchison) GBRHU 3,358,000 3,473,925 3,386,000 3,633,527 3,883,597 4,410,105 O2 (Telefonica) GBRCN 15,981,000 16,340,600 16,814,300 17,751,000 19,075,200 20,416,500 Orange GBROR 14,858,000 14,958,000 14,951,000 15,097,000 15,756,000 15,850,000 T-Mobile GBRME 17,158,000 16,361,000 16,730,000 16,734,000 17,124,000 16,675,000 Vodafone GBRVF 16,325,000 16,304,000 16,185,000 17,411,000 18,537,000 18,716,000 Contract United Kingdom 22,100,360 22,113,120 22,546,152 24,096,237 26,883,502 30,578,828 3 (Hutchison) GBRHU 1,880,480 1,945,398 1,953,462 2,164,714 2,435,002 2,993,888 O2 (Telefonica) GBRCN 5,502,000 5,686,200 5,873,800 6,298,000 7,015,000 8,698,500 Orange GBROR 4,977,430 4,891,266 4,731,000 4,970,000 5,722,000 6,298,000 T-Mobile GBRME 3,439,000 3,248,000 3,611,000 3,821,000 3,861,000 4,109,000 Virgin Mobile (Virgin Media) 435,700 712,300 Vodafone GBRVF 6,301,450 6,342,256 6,376,890 6,842,523 7,414,800 7,767,140 Prepaid United Kingdom 45,579,640 45,324,405 45,520,148 46,530,291 51,243,295 51,306,777 3 (Hutchison) GBRHU 1,477,520 1,528,527 1,432,538 1,468,814 1,448,595 1,416,217 O2 (Telefonica) GBRCN 10,479,000 10,654,400 10,940,500 11,453,000 11,388,000 11,718,000 Orange GBROR 9,880,570 10,066,734 10,220,000 10,127,000 10,034,000 9,552,000 Tesco Mobile 1,800,000 T-Mobile GBRME 13,719,000 13,113,000 13,119,000 12,913,000 13,263,000 12,566,000 Virgin Mobile (Virgin Media) 3,987,500 3,305,700 Vodafone GBRVF 10,023,550 9,961,744 9,808,110 10,568,477 11,122,200 10,948,860 Vodafone has second largest market share in UK telecom market .As per the details shown in the table above total number of connection provided by Vodafone(19,114,000) are second largest, next to O2 (21,299,300).Vodafone is planning to buy T-mobile which would give them sole market share of around 40% after which they will be the market leaders by far leaving O2 behind(financial times).Table shown below compares all the network provider on basis of number of connections provided in last 5 years of time spam .From which we can easily interpret that Vodafone in UK is second largest network at the moment and as per their plan if the T-mobile take over by Vodafone takes place they are going to the largest network in UK market leaving other telecom players far behind them.

united nations :: essays research papers

UN:United Nations The United Nations was established on October 29, 1945. The United Nations was formed right after World War 2. It was also formed for international assembly of Nations to bring world peace. The United Nations is the successor of the league of Nations, a kind of the same organizationformed after World War 1 that failed to stop another war. The United Nations was first outlined in the Dumbarton Oaks Proposal of 1944. In the Yalta confrence the biggest threes of those times ,United States,Soviet Union, and Great Britian. They all sat together trying to solve promblems concerning the UN.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United Nations was formed in six parts, they were: General Assembly which the legislative body of the UN were all nations are equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic Social Council- handles economic and social projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Security Council- which is responsible for international peace and security issues ,it has five permanent members (United States, Great Britian , China , France ,and U.S.S.R).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trusteeship Coucil- handles or supervises UN territories former colonies which have yet to become independent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International Court of Justice- settles international disputes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secretariat- the administrative branch of the UN.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the cold war the UN was the host to a bunch of conflicts between U.S.S.R and the United States . They used the General Assembly where all nations are equal. They used it by talking or arguing verbally attack on each other . At Dumbarton Oaks Confrence (Aug-Oct1944). These five countries drafted proposed to new organizations. At the Yalta confrence Feb. 1945 more stuff was agreed. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, and require number of states on Oct 24.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The General Assembly first met in London on Jan,10,1946. The UN decided to locate the headquarters in the United States. In Dec. 1946 John D. Rockefeller Jr. gave the General Assembly 8.5 million.With that pocket money they (UN) bought a piece of land along the East River of New York city for their headquarters.the principal buildings they were the Secretariat,the General Assembly, and the confrence building were completed in 1952.

Black Power Movement Essay

The Black Power Movement was a new way of fighting for Civil Rights in the 60’s. Many African Americans were tired of ineffective, peaceful protests so they turned to violence. There were multiple groups and leaders involved with this movement such as Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party. The Black Power Movement was a battle for immediate change in American society that involved the FBI and the Police. The media made it look like a danger to innocent people, while others viewed it as a progressive movement for African American culture. Though it was a violent and dangerous movement, it was necessary for African Americans to gain equality in America. The Black Power Movement was a form of protesting that had not yet been seen before in the Civil Rights Movement. The term â€Å"Black Power† was introduced in 1966, in a speech by Stokely Carmichael, the head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. The SNCC was an organization that would help African American students partake in the Civil Rights movement through peaceful activities. Carmichael grew tired of the slow rate of civil rights’ progression, which he made clear in his speeches. He once said in a speech, â€Å"Some negroes have been walking down dream street talking about sitting next to white people. That does not begin to solve the problem†¦ we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy.† Carmichael’s enthusiasm towards a new type of movement brought many young African Americans into the picture. African Americans soon began to take pride in their heritage and create their own type of style. Many grew out their hair into â€Å"afros† other than previously copying the white mans’ conk style of hair. They also began to wear traditional African dashikis and blue jeans. The new African American style gave them a sense of individuality and pride. The rise of the Black Power movement showed the people of America that African Americans were strong individuals that were willing to fight for their liberties. The motivation for this type of movement was greatly influenced by Malcolm X. Malcolm X’s actions pioneered the ideas and morals of the Black Power Movement. He spent his early years running from white supremacists with his family. His father was a civil rights activist as well as a Baptist minister. His home in Michigan was burned down and his father was found dead on the local train tracks. These events of his childhood gave him a sense of anger towards white people. Though early life was tough, he was always well educated. He graduated at the top of his class in middle school, but dropped out when his teacher told him that his dream of becoming a lawyer was â€Å"no realistic goal for a nigger†. He began to run drugs, prostitutes, and gambling rings to make money. When Malcolm X was arrested for petty crimes, he joined the nation of Islam in prison, where he went on to become a leader in their church. When Malcolm X was released, he was angry at the white oppressors in America. He started an Islamic gang that would help protect his fellow Afri can Americans against police brutality. His ability to overcome a rough life and become a leader in the Civil Rights Movement was inspiring to many. Malcolm X’s dignity, self-respect, and ability to fight for his beliefs were carried on through the Black Panther Party. The Black Panther Party was a national organization that promoted Black Power. It was founded by two very intelligent college graduates by the names of Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The fact that they were well educated African Americans with college degrees made them admirable to their followers. They required members to read specific books in order to join the group. They practiced a ten point program that stated their desires which included the release of wrongly tried African American prisoners, Housing for the black community, employment for African Americans, and black people being exempt from military service. The program seems reasonable today but in the 60’s many people thought it was never going to happen. The organization was not afraid to kill police officers or any others who were oppressing African Americans. Though they were violent, much of their proceeds went towards building schools, art institutions, dance programs, houses, and many other utilities for Africa n American communities. The Black Panther Party created many opportunities for their people that they would not have received otherwise. Though The Party seemed like a violent  group to many, it was a well-organized group that was very beneficial for African Americans throughout the nation. The Black Panther Party was constantly being attacked by the FBI and the Police. The FBI would threaten the Panthers and try to force them to talk. They would also forge letters and send them to high ranking members of the party that were full of fake information. The FBI technically had no right to do what they did but they would cover up their actions with lies and scandals. The day after Martin Luther King Jr.’s death the FBI kicked in the door on a Black Panther Party meeting, killing four leaders of the party. The attack was unwarranted and they had absolutely no right to kill the four men. Also, when the FBI was called in to investigate multiple homicides of African Americans they would not release the truth of the death by calling them â€Å"accidents† or â€Å"untraceable†. The police force was brutal on the party. There was even an instance of the LAPD raiding one of the Los Angeles Panther’s child care center. Officers held the children at gunpoi nt and made them watch the adults get beat mercilessly by the policemen. The Black Panther Party had difficulties running their operations with these unwarranted attacks. The FBI and the Police were corrupt and should have been punished for their actions. However, they were mostly not African Americans, so the United States Government did not even bat an eye. The Media viewed the Black Power movement as a group of thugs causing chaos. With song titles like, â€Å"Violence is as American as Cherry Pie,† made people feel threatened by the African American community. The movement also had support from the Viet Kong during the â€Å"Free Huey† Campaign. When Huey Newton was jailed, the Viet Kong offered to release prisoners of war for the release of Newton. When Americans realized that the Black Panther Party was supported by the communist government that we were currently in a war with made the group look dangerous. One leader of the movement, Gordon Parks, was frustrated with the media and said, â€Å"I’ve given up trying to explain it. The whites never really listen when I do anyway† For many members of the Black Power Movement, it was very difficult to voice their opinion due to the negative influence of the media. The media  constantly made Black Power look like a group of violent people, which made the move ment look bad in the eyes of many citizens. The practices of the Black Power Movement were terrifying to many Americans. They took the term â€Å"Black Power† and compared it to â€Å"White Power† making it look as if the African Americans were going to murder innocent white people. Many African Americans began to carry weapons visibly in public to show their strength. The combination of the two made it seem as if African Americans were fighting to kill, not for their rights. Also, the newly found pride that many African Americans had discovered was intimidating to many white people, mainly because they had never seen it before. As a result, the FBI considered the Black Panther Party their number one threat to American Security. The Black Panther Party was only taking extreme actions because they needed a huge change, yet many Americans were skeptical about Black Power and did not want to support it because of their fears of African American violence. The Black Power Movement an entirely different take on the battle for civil rights. Many African Americans were done with the slow paced peaceful protests, and began to fight for a faster change in society. The Black Panther Party and Malcolm X impacted the movement the greatest. Even though FBI and Police officers would always try and shut them down. The media made the movement look bad in the eyes of many, yet some still believe it was for the greater good. Even though it was a dangerous protest, it was the only way for many African Americans to make a statement in the United States society.

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun In Spanish, you can have it all. Thats because tener, the verb meaning to have in the sense of to possess (haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary verb to have) is frequently used in idioms to refer to a wide range of emotions and other states of being. While we may say in English that you are hungry or a person is thirsty, in Spanish we say the equivalent of you have hunger or someone has thirst. Thus tienes hambre means you are hungry and tiene sed means he/she is thirsty. Tener Phrases Often Preferred to Adjectives Most of the tener noun idioms arent hard to learn, as they generally make sense as long as you know what the noun part of the phrase means. What can be challenging is learning when their use is preferred. For example, you may be aware that there is an adjective, hambriento, that means hungry. But youre unlikely to hear a sentence such as estoy hambriento (just as you arent likely to hear a native English speaker say, I have hunger, even though the sentence would be understood and grammatically correct). Usually, the tener noun idioms are translated using the English verb to be followed by an adjective. Following are some of the most common such uses of tener. tener cabeza (para), to have a mind (for): Tu hermana tiene cabeza para los negocios. (Your sister has a mind for business.)tener calor, to be hot: Siempre tienes calor. (Youre always hot.)tener carià ±o, to be fond: Pablo tiene carià ±o a Marà ­a. (Paul is fond of Mary.)tener celos, to be jealous: Tengo celos a mi hermana. (Im jealous of my sister.)tener claro, to be clear or sure:  Tenemos claro que podemos ayudar a mejorar nuestra sociedad. (Were sure that we can help improve our society.)  tener complejos, to be mentally insecure:  Tengo complejos con mi estilo de vida actual. (Im insecure about my current lifestyle.)tener cuidado, to be careful: Espero que tengas cuidado con el libro. (I hope youre careful with the book.)tener la culpa, to be guilty or at fault: Mi padre dijo que tengo la culpa. (My father said its my fault.)tener derecho, to have the right: Tengo derecho de votar. (I have the right to vote.)tener efecto, to have an effect: La hipnosis tiene efecto en e l cerebro. (Hypnosis does not have an effect on the brainl) tener à ©xito, to be successful: El jefe tiene un gran à ©xito. (The boss is very successful.)tener frà ­o, to be cold: Hace viento. Tengo frà ­o. (Its windy. Im cold.)tener ganas de infinitive, to be in the mood for, to feel like doing something: Tengo ganas de comer una hamburguesa. (I feel like eating a hamburger.)tener hambre, to be hungry: No ha comido. Tiene hambre. (He hasnt eaten. Hes hungry.)tener ilusià ³n, to be enthusiastic: Tiene ilusià ³n por viajar a California. (Hes enthusiastic about traveling to California.)tener miedo a noun, to be afraid of: Mi hermana tiene miedo a los serpientes. (My sister is afraid of snakes.)tener miedo de infinitive, to be afraid of: Tiene miedo de nadar. (Hes afraid of swimming.)tener prisa, to be in a hurry: Tengo prisa. El teatro comienza a las ocho. (Im in a hurry. The play begins at 8.)tener razà ³n, to be right: El cliente siempre tiene razà ³n. (The customer is always right.)tener sed, to be thirsty: He trabajado mucho. Ten go sed. (Ive worked a lot. Im thirsty.) tener sueà ±o, to be tired or sleepy: No has dormido. Tendrs sueà ±o. (You havent slept. You must be tired.)tener suerte, to be lucky: Mi hijo ganà ³ la loterà ­a. Tiene mucha suerte. (My son won the lottery. Hes very lucky.)tener vergà ¼enza, to be ashamed: Matà © a mi amigo. Tengo mucha vergà ¼enza. (I killed my friend. Im so ashamed.) Because tener is used so often to indicate mental states, it can be used by itself to ask someone how he or she is doing, especially if you suspect something is wrong:  ¿Quà © tienes? Whats up with you? Note that the adjective mucho or mucha can be used with the noun portion of the idiom to indicate degree as is expressed by very in English: Tengo sed, Im thirsty. Tengo mucha sed, Im very thirsty. Note also that tener is irregular in its conjugation.

Pros and Cons of Joining a Teachers Union

Pros and Cons of Joining a Teachers Union One decision that a new teacher may face is whether or not they should join a teachers union. In some cases, it is not a choice at all. In eighteen states, it is legal to force teachers to support a union by requiring teachers who are not members to pay a fee to a union as a condition of continued employment. Those states include Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin. In the other states, it becomes an individual choice as to whether or not you want to join a teachers union. It ultimately comes down to whether or not you believe the pros of joining a teachers union outweigh the cons. Advantages There are many valid reasons that you should consider joining a union. Those can include: Teachers unions can provide legal protection and advice. In todays lawsuit-happy society, this protection alone can be worth becoming a member.Teachers unions provide support, guidance, and advice. Most teachers unions have a helpline that its members can call to seek counsel in a variety of areas.Teachers unions allow you a voice in hot educational trends, debates, and topics that you feel strongly about.Joining a teachers union gives power to the bargaining position of the union for contract and labor negotiations.Teachers unions provide several discount program opportunities, including life insurance benefits, credit card opportunities, mortgage assistance, etc.They often offer terrific professional development opportunities for members. Even if you live in a state where they cannot legally force your hand to join a union, you may find yourself being pressured to do so by other teachers. This is because teachers unions are a powerful entity. There is strength in numbers. The more members a union has, the bigger voice they have. Unions to Join Deciding what union you join is typically dictated by the district in which you work. Usually, when you join a local union, you join the state and national affiliated with that union. Most districts are entrenched with one affiliate and so it can be tough to join another one. The two biggest national unions include: National Education Association (NEA) - It is the largest education union in the United States. It is typically referred to as Democratic in its ideology. It was formed in 1857.American Federation of Teachers (AFT) - It is the second largest educational union in the United States. It is typically referred to as Republican in its ideology. It was formed in 1916. Not Just for Teachers Most teachers unions offer membership to a variety of roles within schools. Those include teachers (including higher education faculty/staff), administrators, educational support professionals (custodians, maintenance, bus drivers, cafeteria personnel, administrative assistants, school nurses, etc.), retired teachers, college students in education programs, and substitute teachers. Disadvantages In states where you are not essentially forced to join a teachers union, then it becomes an individual choice as to whether you want to join a union or not. There are several reasons that an individual may not choose to join a union. These include: You dont agree with union politics. As mentioned before, the NEA is typically a Democratic association while the AFT is typically a Republican association. Sometimes individuals do not agree with those political stances or a particular stance the union takes on an issue that often does not have anything to do with education. Teachers who have political views contrary to the positions taken by unions may not want to support the union.Union fees are expensive. Most teachers are already cashed strapped, particularly first-year teachers. Every little bit can help, so many teachers feel like the value of joining a union and its benefits are not worth the monetary costs.You don’t believe you need it. Some teachers believe that they do not need the services provided by a teachers union and that there are not enough benefits to warrant holding membership.

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example This money would be classified as cash until the salaries are actually paid. At that point, salaries would come upon a specific salary section on the balance sheet or may even be considered a business expense and taken of the balance sheet altogether. 2) a) The predetermined overhead rate for the year is $5 per direct labor hour. (Manufacturing Overhead/ Direct Labor-hours) ($80,000/ 16,000) = $5 per direct labor hour. b) The amount of overhead charged to jobs during the year is $75,000. (Actual direct labor-hours * Predetermined overhead rate) (15,000 * $5) = $75,000 c) The amount of underapplied or overapplied overhead for the year is $3,000 underapplied. (Actual overhead costs – Applied overhead costs) ($78,000 - $75,000) = $3,000 d) The unit cost that would appear on the job cost sheet for Job #315 is $59. (Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead applied)/ 100. ($1,500 + $2,400 + $2,000) = $5,900. $5,900/ 100 = $59. 3) $20,000 + $201,000 = $221,000. $221,000 - $35,000 = $186,000 4) a) TVC = $118,008/ 2,400 = $49.17. $49.17 * 2,500 = $122,925 b) TFC = $9,000/ 2,400 = $3.75. $3.75 * 2,500 = $9,375 c) TC = $122,925 + $9,375 = $132,300 d) AVC = $122,925/ 2,500 = $49.17 e) AFC = $9,375/ 2,500 = $3.75 f) ATC = $49.17 + $3.75 = $52.92 5) Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Desired Profit $170Q = $39.10 + $641,410 + $65,450 $130.90 = $706,860 Q = $706,860/ $130.90 per unit Q = 5,400 units 6) The absorption costing net operating income for last year was $66,600. Inventory increased by 900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit was $3. 900 units * $3 = $2,700. Absorption cost equals variable costing net operating income times the total inventory cost. $63,000 + $2,700 = $66,600. 7) Activity-based costing is used to identify activities in an organization and assigns costs to an activity based on the actual consumption of an activity. The benefit to this type of costing model is that each activity is separate from the other and it is easie r to see which areas are performing well and which areas are performing not so well. The five levels of an activity-based cost system typically are unit-level activities, batch-level activities, product-level activities, organization-sustaining activities, and customer-level activities. The first three levels of activities are all different stages of production. Each stage of production is broken down so that it can be seen what can be cut back on. The fourth and fifth activities have more to do with management of the organization. Organization-sustaining activities are those that affect the employees of an organization, while customer-level activities deal with how customers perceive an organization to

Paris in 1792 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paris in 1792 - Essay Example The events of this year thus, also heralded a new form of governance, complete democracy as the major form of governance. Even though democracy was followed in varying degrees in many parts of Europe, it was the French Revolution that gave the impetus for its establishment as the sole form of government acceptable to the people of a nation. As is the case with any historic event, the actual event is preceded by a build up consisting of mounting tensions, resentment and dissatisfaction on the part of certain communities. The involvement of the French government in the American Revolution and the huge expenditure that this interference had cost had created widespread dissatisfaction among the middle classes of France, who felt that this expenditure was needless and could have been avoided, had the government been more astute in the evaluation of the situation. The refusal of the nobility to have helped out the government had meant that an unfair share of the taxes required for the expe nses were extorted out of the bourgeoisie. This bred a lot of resentment amongst them, not only against the monarch, Louis XVI, but also against the nobility of France. France’s unsuccessful attempts to defeat England in war had also placed a heavy burden upon the exchequer that fell largely upon the French bourgeoisie whose standards of living dipped drastically. The constitution of the National assembly, a body of people who were picked out of the middle classes was an important development during the year of 1792. This led to an understanding on the part of both the king and the bourgeoisie of the power of a collective. Michael David Sibalis remarks upon this understanding of the power of the collective as an outcome of the class-consciousness that had seeped into the minds of the middle classes of France, as is seen in the emergence of â€Å"mutual aid societies† in Paris before 1789. These societies enabled the mobilization of the masses during the constitution of middle class citizens during the creation of the National Assembly that was created for the purpose of the creation of a national constitution for France that would invest the bourgeoisie with more powers that it had till then. This constitution of the National Assembly represents, for Sibalis, an attempt on the part of the Parisian middle classes to â€Å"provide themselves with some minimal economic security through their own efforts† (http://fh.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/1.extract). Many of these efforts were frustrated by later events of the Revolution but the events of 1789 displayed a passion and fervor on the part of the Parisian middle classes to rise above their petty divisions and fight for the causes of equality that the French Revolution stands for, even today. The fight was also against what Barry M. Shapiro refers to as an â€Å"irrational and inhumane judicial system† (Barry M. Shapiro, Revolutionary Justice in Paris, 1789-1790, ix) that refused to treat every subject of the state equally. The embodiment of this passion and fervor and one of the turning points of the revolution, according to historians like Eric Hobsbawm, was the storming of the Bastille on the morning of the fourteenth of July in 1789 (Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of

Managed care and children with chronic illness Case Study

Managed care and children with chronic illness - Case Study Example However, distinct criteria are utilized by managed care providers to distinct degrees of medical care requirements. The recent decades are marked by the attachment of great value to such groups by the states that are faced with high levels of medical needs with an intention of including the poor and the needy in the healthcare programs. Nevertheless, the provision of these services has been limited by certain factors, thus leading to the denial of these services to some children with chronic ailments despite their being needy. Nevertheless, managed care ahs a rationale of providing care services at reduced costs to the patients as well as treatment efficiency measures are of high levels (Perkin, Swift, and Newton 2007). The discussion in this paper is a case study to investigate and establish Managed care and children with chronic illness. The comprehension of this will be enhanced by the study of the scope of the managed care as well as the chronic illnesses that need the managed ca re. In addition, it is deemed crucial to establish the managed care providers as well as the rationale for such services when provided to patients. More crucial, an explanation will be provided for the criteria which children with chronic disease are covered or denied by managed care (HMO, MEDICAID). Managed care and the ideal providers; Managed care is a term utilized in the US in the description of a diversity of techniques that are put in use with the intention of decreasing the healthcare costs. They are also deemed as a rationale for the provision of benefits of health as well as the improvements of care quality provided by the practitioners. The systems in use are those that imply financing and delivering healthcare benefits and service to those that e enroll. Hence, they are often referred to as healthcare concepts and techniques that are managed by a responsible body. The intentions for the steer towards the utilization of such programs are inclusive of the reduction of the healthcare care costs, some of which are deemed unnecessary via the use of particular viable mechanisms. The provision of economic incentives for care providers as well as their patients, in order to provide room for their selection of programs that are less costly is a long term rationale for the managed care. Specific services review performance and increased cost sharing services for beneficiaries are also the major functions of the managed care. They are also deemed crucial in the control of admissions for patients as well as reducing the lengths f time that patients have to wait for treatments. A variety of settings is deemed vital in the provision of such services, which are inclusive of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) etc (Birenbaum, 1997). HMO is a managed care entity that provides managed care health coverage to its clients, and based in the United States. The fulfillment of such services offer is done via hospitals, doctors or any other form of medical practitioners, all of those that have gained contract with the organization. Its running is based on the 1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act, which requires that public or private organizations with 25 and

The Human Conceptualization of the State Essay Example for Free

The Human Conceptualization of the State Essay John Locke, in the Second Treatise of Civil Government, envisions a social contract in which individuals are naturally in a state of perfect freedom, in which they utilize objects as well as themselves as they desire; which is within the law of nature wherein all mankind was created, by God, equally. Therefore, all humans should be equal amongst fellow beings of the same species and rank without subordination or subjugation. However, Locke specifies that the exception is only when God designates one individual over another, giving that person undeniable right to be of the ruling â€Å"class†. This means that only persons, designated by God to be superior, are the sole individuals rightfully chosen to rule other beings of the same species. (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 4). In addition to this, he states that all people must treat others, of the same species and rank, with the same courtesies they would expect or desire for themselves (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 5). However, individuals are subject to uncontrollable liberty to make use of themselves as well as their possessions; in contrast, they are not at liberty to destroy themselves or a creature which they possess (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). Based on his ideal of the law of nature, all of mankind being equal, one is not at liberty to destroy another’s property, or cause damage to another’s health, liberty, or life. This is due to God’s ordinance over all human beings, in which they belong to him; as well as the fact that God is the only entity which can, or should, dictate the duration of one’s life (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). As a result, persons who violate the law of nature are subject to the punishment of that individual who was wronged; extending this not solely to punishment, but also reparation, in which the wrong doer must repay the plaintiff in some manner. In addition, being that when one person is wronged all of humanity is objectified; as a result, any persons whom wish to join the plaintiff’s punishment of the transgressor may do so. However, those persons may not join in the plaintiff’s reparation, as the plaintiff must be the only one to benefit (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6, 7, 8). An established state, as Locke has put it, should not have the right to punish an individual who is alien to that nation state. However, mankind as a whole can and must punish those who violate the law of nature (Locke, Ch. II Sec.9). These punishments, in Locke’s opinion, should be death [including smaller infractions], due to the fact that any transgression against one man to another is not solely a violation of that singular person’s rights, but a violation of all of mankind’s rights. The goal of punishment being that it prevents others from committing similar crimes (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 11 12). Also, Locke feels that laws which are not based in the law of nature, but rather in self-interest and corruption, are common within the established countries’ governments (Locke, Ch.II Sec. 12). In the establishment of the state, Locke conveys the fact that [based on the law of nature] the rulers of said nations are not superior to the subjects which they rule over. A state is produced as a result of multiple men coming together in a desire to protect their property from the uncertain and cruel state of nature. This preservation results in a commonwealth wherein all of the individuals agree to make compromises to protect life, liberty, and property, resulting in the creation of a system of government and agreed upon laws. However, if a magistrate were to go beyond their duties given to them by the people, at which time they infringe upon others’ rights, they are committing tyranny; in response, the people must pursue anarchy to produce a ruler whom the populous benefits from (Lock, Ch. II Sec. 14; Ch. IV; Ch. VIII; Ch. IX Ch. XVIII). Thomas Hobbes, in the Leviathan, utilizes the metaphor of the state being an artificial human, and to fully understand all of mankind, we must only study one man [rather than all of humanity], which will bring the individual’s introspection to the clear origins of our thoughts, desires, and reasons (Hobbes, Intro.). Hobbes believed that what separated us, humans, from animals was our ability for thought, and through this process humans are able to look inward and discover the reasons behind the laws which humanity has set forth to govern ourselves (Hobbes, Ch. IV). Hobbes believed that the causation for the development of the state was that of fear, which saved human life, by allowing our species to thrive in a commonwealth which benefits all whom take part in it (Hobbes, Ch.XIII). The Law of Nature, which must be discovered through reason, describes a situation which can be paralleled to the â€Å"survival of the fittest† scenario. This is due to its condemnation of destruction of human life, but self-preservation as the ultimate law which governs all of humanity’s actions; though the faculty which Hobbes utilizes, aforementioned fear, can only be solaced through a pursuit of peace, both internally as well as externally (Hobbes, Ch. XIV). This pursuit led humans to seek out an establishment which could ease their fears, which ensued with the eventual conceptualization of the state. On the other hand, Hobbes discusses that though human beings must pursue peace, as required by the laws of nature, our species is also victim to the natural hunger for power, which endeavors to destroy the foundations of a cohesive, effective state (Hobbes, Ch.XVII). Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. 1660 The Leviathan. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents. html. Locke, John. 1690 The Second Treatise of Civil Government. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke2/2nd-contents. html.

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Essay

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Art during the mid-twentieth century contained some of the most important changes art history. These explosive times were counter-balanced with explosive popular culture. More historical events, abrupt changes, and turbulence occurred from the end of World War II until the height of the Vietnam War than in any time period. Before this time, styles of art had lasted generations. In the 1960’s numerous important art movements were happening at the same time. There were variations on variations, movements inside of other movements. Therefore, because of the amount of independent and integrated pieces of movements and styles, a lot can be missed in a short paper. The amount that happened in these twenty-five years is enough to fill volumes, and so, this is just a brief scraping off the top of what during these times—the most tumultuous times in American History. INTRODUCTION: The 1940’s through the 1960’s were not only some of the most socially and politically volatile times in American History, but were the catalyst for the numerous changes in which occurred in American Popular culture during these and following years. Instead of experiencing the trauma which resulted after World War I’s end, post-World War II United States returned fairly easily back to everyday life. Although there were some problems converting from a wartime to a peacetime economy in the late 1940’s, Americans took on the task and entered the 1950’s on a very auspicious high note. During the time period after World War II, the United States experienced many changes. Technology was abundant and the rate at which new inventions, industries and technologies came about was at a rate never seen before. From a television in every home to the first computers and ultimately space flight, these two decades after World War II were crowded with advancements. S ome of the most dramatic changes came in the field of art. What was once a single, slow road of popular culture advancement branched off into thousands of smaller, faster changing roads. Some of these â€Å"roads†, which can be seen as changing styles, or movements, in art, whipped Americans through a roller coaster of change in what they saw around them. The End of World War II: The major art movement taking place in the United States directly after World War II was... ...ther in their concept. So as we start in a new millenium, we have to ask ourselves what will be the next great movement in art? Could there be anything again as influential as the times that existed here? Only time will tell. Bibliography: Cagle, Van M., Reconstructing Pop/Subculture: Art Rock and Andy Warhol, New York: Sage Publications, 1995 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1950s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1960s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Reed, T.V., American Popular Culture. (online) Available: http://www.wsu.edu/~amerstu/pop/tvrguide.html, February 17, 2000 Seitz, William C., Art in the Age of Aquarius, 1955-1970, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992 Alloway, Lawrence. American Pop Art, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974 Dynamic Movements. (online) Available: Http://library.thinkquest.org/17142/dynamic-movements/ Jansen, H.W., The History of Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1997, p. 914-915 Warhol’s Reflection of the Social Times. (online) Available: Http://vc.lemoyne.edu/ant305/students/7_abarnett/page3.htm Marcel Duchamp. (online) Available: http://www.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/duchamp.html

Global Cooperation Essay

There is a Chinese proverb that says, â€Å"One chopstick is easily broken, but ten pillars chopsticks firmly hold dough.† This reveals a simple rule that unity is much stronger than individuals, and if you do not want to be beaten, you should unite and cooperate against enemies together. This proverb can also be used internationally. Global cooperation is important to maintain economy, and improve safety, peace and the environment. Different countries’ economies are linked together, and influence one another in many ways. Hence, in the globalized economies people always worry more about the economic growth and crisis. Trade is the activity of exchanging goods and services. There are many trades, for example, to exchange fish for beef or to pay a taxi for its driving. One of the economic principles is that trade makes everyone better off. International trade is essential in these days because each country cannot provide the product it needs to serve the whole society, or it will cost more opportunity cost such as time and money in some productions. In this case, global trade is required. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), 2013 annual exports valued $18,784,000 million in total merchandise, and valued $4,623,710 million in commercial services (2014). These massive amounts of numbers show the significant value of international trade in the world. China is the largest exporter, and had valued $2,209,626.0 million, which is 11.7 percent of total world merchandises trade in 2013. Also, it had become the world second large economy according to WTO Database. However, it was only exporting $5,790 million goods and 1.0 percent of total world trade in 1973 (WTO, 2014). China has an unbelievable growth, and the biggest reason is that China started to switch the closed economy into more tradable market economy and trade much freely with other countries since 1978 (Chinese economic reform). The international trade provides more job opportunities, attracts investments and brings advanced technology, and these are the basic elements  in order to gain economic growth. Unfortunately, the drawback of collapsing a big international bank Lehman Brothers is unimaginable – crash the global financial system, credit crunch, and economic regression. Because of the Asian Crisis in 1997, the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) had been more careful against crises such as no risky loans and strengthened nations cooperation. China decided to set up a $ 10 billion total fund in order to support China-ASEAN work and offer $39.7 million aid to help Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar in financial troubles (Yan, W. 2009). International cooperation is needed for people’s safety such as natural disasters. Disasters are extremely powerful and destroy millions of lives. According to America, the Indonesia tsunami, which is caused by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in the sea near Banda Aceh in 2004 had killed over 150 hundred of people and created millions of homeless among Southern Asia countries and Africa. However, the number was continuously increasing due to injury and disease. Governments provided about $2 billion to support those countries in the disaster. This was a global cooperation – many organizations such as Catholic Relief Services, the Red Cross, Oxfam, Caritas and Doctors Without Borders helped to save lives from diseases and water pollution. Because the transportations are damaged the supplies were delivered by helicopters and ships, which were supported by United State Military. Meanwhile, individuals’ donations around the world were greater than the governments’ total amounts, and these would be used in future recovery (2005). These international saving was successful and helped for countless people. Peace is a big issue for people because there are still numerous shouting and wars going on. In addition, the most thing that cause these dangerous issues are weapons. Weapons are made to protect people, however, they have become more and more powerful especially the nuclear weapons. The total nuclear weapons in the world are enough to destroy the earth! Also the negative effect of nuclear bombs not only it can destroy a city immediately but also spread the radiation, which has decades, even different generation influences after exposure. Since 1945, the statistics show that the total war and violent has diminished. However, this kind of weapon is still being produced in many nations. Safety of citizens is questing because of threats of terrorisms. They can buy or make nuclear weapons and expose â€Å"dirty bombs† (Lifton, R. 2013). In this case, terrorists  should be stopped; people should be protected and no nuclear weapons’ threat. Non-nuclear weapons are very important and hard to achieve. In addition, it needs global cooperation – every government does their duty to increase the world level of peace. Most importantly, the global environment affects all lives on the earth, and countries should avoid ruining it. First is the global warming issue, it is a big issue that is caused by human activities and has the additional effect of climate change. In 2009, United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen had failed to make a worldwide agreement about emissions reduction (Nordhaus, D. 2011). This is because the disagreement about the distribution of reducing greenhouse gases and its costs. The decrease in temperature is essential because it would affect everyone on the earth. Nevertheless, without governments’ cooperation this goal cannot be achieved efficiently because different places and regions have different situations and meet variable difficulties. For example, if the cost for imposing a high carbon dioxide emissions tax will generate the decline of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the influence of economy may even promotes a financial crisis, a government will not choose to do that. Also, when a country with smaller population but higher per person green house gas emission but another nation which has the opposite situation, their will be conflict when ask them to produce the same amount of emission. These are complicated and hard to negotiate an agreement. However, as the future cost for climate change is too high – decrease in general’s life span and quality, international cooperation cannot stop and require to be done more successfully. Besides, climate change also affects other organisms such as animals and plants. Human activities such as travelling may cause many animals and plants in danger. Decrease in animals and plants will damage the ecological chain even influence the whole planet. To protect those animals and plants, the Washington Conversation has established in1975, July 1st and called the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and it goal is to ensure the safety of wild species not dangerous because of international trade (CITES). Because the trade is worldwide and every country will affect neighboring countries, CITES needs to make sure every country does their work to stop threat other species in other countries. In general, many things include economy, human lives and other species are interacting with  each individual and country. They will promote different but widespread effects. Because of these facts it needs global cooperation to enhance the quality and safety in these fields. Governments should keep improving international action in order to provide a better world for all of lives. References Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Crash course. (2013, Sep 7). The Economist. International trade and market access data. (2014). World Trade Organization (WTO). Lifton, R. (2013). The dimensions of contemporary war and violence: How to reclaim humanity from a continuing revolution in the technology of killing. Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists, 69(4), 9-17. Nordhaus, D. (2011). The architecture of climate economics: Designing a global agreement on global warming. Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists, 67(1), 9-18. Tsunami. (2005). America. Yan, W. (2009, April 23). Crisis-Driven cooperation. Beijing Review.